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                <h1 id="Nginx学习"><a href="#Nginx学习" class="headerlink" title="Nginx学习"></a>Nginx学习</h1><h2 id="相关简介"><a href="#相关简介" class="headerlink" title="相关简介"></a>相关简介</h2><h3 id="软件介绍"><a href="#软件介绍" class="headerlink" title="软件介绍"></a>软件介绍</h3><blockquote>
<p>Nginx是一款轻量级的Web 服务器/反向代理服务器及电子邮件（IMAP/POP3）代理服务器，在BSD-like 协议下发行。其特点是<font color = red>占有内存少，并发能力强</font>，事实上nginx的并发能力在同类型的网页服务器中表现较好，中国大陆使用nginx网站用户有：百度、京东、新浪、网易、腾讯、淘宝等。</p>
</blockquote>
<p><strong>nginx最高并发支持50000个</strong></p>
<h3 id="正向代理和反向代理"><a href="#正向代理和反向代理" class="headerlink" title="正向代理和反向代理"></a>正向代理和反向代理</h3><p><img src="https://s1.ax1x.com/2020/06/25/NBCsMt.jpg" alt="二者区别"><br><strong>正向代理</strong></p>
<blockquote>
<p>在客户端（浏览器）配置代理服务器，通过代理服务器进行互联网访问</p>
</blockquote>
<p><strong>反向代理</strong></p>
<blockquote>
<p>客户端不知道实际提供服务的服务端，用户只需要将请求发送到nginx中，再由nginx去发送到对应的服务器，从而隐藏了真实的服务器，提高了服务器的安全性。</p>
</blockquote>
<h3 id="负载均衡"><a href="#负载均衡" class="headerlink" title="负载均衡"></a>负载均衡</h3><p><img src="https://s1.ax1x.com/2020/06/25/NBi3B6.png" alt="负载均衡案例图"></p>
<blockquote>
<p>负载均衡（Load Balance）其意思就是分摊到多个操作单元上进行执行，例如Web服务器、FTP服务器、企业关键应用服务器和其它关键任务服务器等，从而共同完成工作任务。</p>
</blockquote>
<h3 id="动静分离"><a href="#动静分离" class="headerlink" title="动静分离"></a>动静分离</h3><p><img src="https://s1.ax1x.com/2020/06/25/NBFVKI.png" alt="动静分离"></p>
<blockquote>
<p>为了加快网站的解析速度，可以把动态页面和静态页面由不同的服务器来解析，加快解析速度。降低原来单个服务器的压力</p>
</blockquote>
<h2 id="nginx的安装"><a href="#nginx的安装" class="headerlink" title="nginx的安装"></a>nginx的安装</h2><ul>
<li>使用远程连接工具连接Linux操作系统  </li>
<li>安装nginx相关的依赖<ul>
<li>gcc<blockquote>
<p>安装 nginx 需要先将官网下载的源码进行编译，编译依赖 gcc 环境，如果没有 gcc环境 需要安装 gcc<br>  yum install gcc-c++</p>
</blockquote>
</li>
<li>PCRE<blockquote>
<p>PCRE(Perl Compatible Regular Expressions)是一个 Perl 库，包括 perl 兼容的正则表达式库。nginx 的 http 模块使用 pcre 来解析正则表达式，所以需要在 linux 上安装 pcre 库。<br>  yum install -y pcre pcre-deve</p>
</blockquote>
</li>
<li>zlib<blockquote>
<p>zlib 库提供了很多种压缩和解压缩的方式，nginx 使用 zlib 对 http 包的内容进行 gzip，所以需要在 linux 上安装 zlib 库。<br>  yum install -y zlib zlib-devel</p>
</blockquote>
</li>
<li>openssl<blockquote>
<p>OpenSSL 是一个强大的安全套接字层密码库，囊括主要的密码算法、常用的密钥和证书封装管理功能及 SSL 协议，并提供丰富的应用程序供测试或其它目的使用。<br>  nginx 不仅支持 http 协议，还支持 https（即在 ssl 协议上传输 http），所以需要在<br>  linux 安装 openssl 库。<br>  yum install -y openssl openssl-devel</p>
</blockquote>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>nginx安装<ul>
<li>把在官网下载的压缩包放到linux系统中并解压</li>
<li>进入解压的目录中运行 ./configure</li>
<li>再执行编译和安装 make &amp;&amp; make install</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="nginx的启动和停止"><a href="#nginx的启动和停止" class="headerlink" title="nginx的启动和停止"></a>nginx的启动和停止</h2><p><strong>nginx的启动</strong></p>
<blockquote>
<p>进入/usr/local目录下，会发现多了一个nginx的目录<br><img src="https://s1.ax1x.com/2020/06/25/NBEBRg.png" alt="nginx目录内容"></p>
</blockquote>
<blockquote>
<p>进入目录中的sbin目录，并执行 ./nginx即可运行<br>输入 ps aux | grep nginx可以看到已经启动了<br><img src="https://s1.ax1x.com/2020/06/25/NBViwt.png" alt="启动"></p>
</blockquote>
<blockquote>
<p>我们通过访问IP地址，就能看到效果<br><strong>如果不能访问的话，看看有没有放行端口</strong><br><img src="https://s1.ax1x.com/2020/06/25/NBVlT0.png" alt="访问"></p>
</blockquote>
<p><strong>nginx的停止</strong>  </p>
<pre class="line-numbers language-shell" data-language="shell"><code class="language-shell">cd &#x2F;usr&#x2F;local&#x2F;nginx&#x2F;sbin  
.&#x2F;nginx -s quit<span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span><span></span></span></code></pre>
<h2 id="nginx的常用命令"><a href="#nginx的常用命令" class="headerlink" title="nginx的常用命令"></a>nginx的常用命令</h2><ul>
<li><code>./nginx -v</code> 查看版本</li>
<li><code>./nginx</code> 启动</li>
<li><code>./nginx -s -quit</code> 关闭</li>
<li><code>./nginx -s reload</code> 配置文件重加载</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="nginx配置文件"><a href="#nginx配置文件" class="headerlink" title="nginx配置文件"></a>nginx配置文件</h2><h3 id="目录"><a href="#目录" class="headerlink" title="目录"></a>目录</h3><p><strong>文件在../nginx/conf/nginx.conf</strong><br><img src="https://s1.ax1x.com/2020/06/25/NBKMm4.png" alt="nginx配置文件"></p>
<h3 id="配置文件组成"><a href="#配置文件组成" class="headerlink" title="配置文件组成"></a>配置文件组成</h3><ul>
<li><p>全局块</p>
<blockquote>
<p>从配置文件开始到events块之间的内容，主要设置一些影响nginx服务器整体运行的配置指令</p>
</blockquote>
</li>
<li><p>events块</p>
<blockquote>
<p>events块涉及的指令主要影响Nginx服务器与用户的网络连接</p>
</blockquote>
</li>
<li><p>http块</p>
<ul>
<li><p>http全局块</p>
<blockquote>
<p>最重要的部分</p>
</blockquote>
</li>
<li><p>server块</p>
<blockquote>
<p>这块与虚拟主机有密切关系</p>
</blockquote>
<ul>
<li><p>全局server块</p>
<blockquote>
<p>最常见的配置是本虚拟机主机的监听配置和本虚拟机主机的名称或者ip配置</p>
</blockquote>
</li>
<li><p>location块</p>
<blockquote>
<p>一个server块可以配置多个location块，主要作用是基于Nginx服务器接收到的请求字符串，对虚拟主机名称之外的字符串进行匹配，对特定的请求进行处理。</p>
</blockquote>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="nginx的使用"><a href="#nginx的使用" class="headerlink" title="nginx的使用"></a>nginx的使用</h2><h3 id="反向代理"><a href="#反向代理" class="headerlink" title="反向代理"></a>反向代理</h3><h4 id="案例一"><a href="#案例一" class="headerlink" title="案例一"></a>案例一</h4><p><strong>配置反向代理，让本地访问<a href="http://www.123.com的时候跳转到Linux中的localhost:8080页面">www.123.com的时候跳转到Linux中的localhost:8080页面</a></strong></p>
<ul>
<li><p>修改本机host</p>
<blockquote>
<p>打开C盘下的<code>Windows\System32\drivers\etc</code>中的hosts，添加<code>虚拟机ip + www.123.com</code>，做一个自慰版的域名</p>
</blockquote>
<p>  <img src="https://s1.ax1x.com/2020/06/25/NBwY9O.png" alt="hosts"></p>
</li>
<li><p>配置Linux中的nginx.conf文件内容<br>  <img src="https://s1.ax1x.com/2020/06/25/NB0TeA.png" alt="NB0TeA.png"></p>
</li>
<li><p>本地访问 <a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="http://www.123.com,实现结果/">www.123.com，实现结果</a><br>  <img src="https://s1.ax1x.com/2020/06/25/NBBQFx.png" alt="NBBQFx.png"></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>总结</strong></p>
<blockquote>
<p>通过这个案例可以了解到nginx的反向代理机制和使用</p>
</blockquote>
<h4 id="案例二"><a href="#案例二" class="headerlink" title="案例二"></a>案例二</h4><p><strong>根据访问的路径跳转到不同端口的服务中,nginx监听端口9001</strong></p>
<blockquote>
<p>访问 192.168.111.130:9001/edu/a.html跳转到一个tomcat上<br>访问192.168.111.130:9001/dov/a.html跳转到另一个tomcat上</p>
</blockquote>
<ul>
<li><p>前期准备</p>
<ul>
<li><p>配置两个tomcat，一个8080端口一个8081端口，别忘了放行端口</p>
</li>
<li><p>分别在<code>/webapps</code>目录下创建<code>edu</code>和<code>vod</code>，并且随便写一个页面用于验证(我这里分别用虚拟机和阿里云跑两个tomcat)</p>
<p>  这是8080端口的<br>  <img src="https://s1.ax1x.com/2020/06/25/NBgc8I.png" alt="8080"></p>
<p>  这是8081端口的<br>  <img src="https://s1.ax1x.com/2020/06/25/NBgIaQ.png" alt="8081"></p>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><p>修改配置文件<br>  <img src="https://s1.ax1x.com/2020/06/25/NBRikQ.png" alt="修改配置文件"></p>
</li>
<li><p>运行</p>
<p>  访问/vod/<br>  <img src="https://s1.ax1x.com/2020/06/25/NBfYdO.png" alt="NBfYdO.png"><br>  访问/edu/<br>  <img src="https://s1.ax1x.com/2020/06/25/NBfaJH.png" alt="NBfaJH.png"></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>总结</strong></p>
<blockquote>
<p>通过这个案例可以理解server监听端口的修改，location的一部分语法，可以将多个项目部署到同一个nginx上</p>
</blockquote>
<p><strong>location语法</strong></p>
<pre class="line-numbers language-shell" data-language="shell"><code class="language-shell">location[&#x3D; | ~ | ~* |^~] uri&#123;
    proxy_pass http:&#x2F;&#x2F;127.0.0.1:8080;
#    xxxxx xxxxx
&#125;<span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span></span></code></pre>
<p><img src="https://s1.ax1x.com/2020/06/25/NBf3sx.png" alt="NBf3sx.png"></p>
<h3 id="负载均衡-1"><a href="#负载均衡-1" class="headerlink" title="负载均衡"></a>负载均衡</h3><h4 id="案例一-1"><a href="#案例一-1" class="headerlink" title="案例一"></a>案例一</h4><p><strong>浏览器访问<a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="http://192.168.111.130/edu/a.html%EF%BC%8C%E5%AE%9E%E7%8E%B0%E8%B4%9F%E8%BD%BD%E5%9D%87%E8%A1%A1%EF%BC%8C%E5%B9%B3%E5%9D%87%E5%88%B08080%E5%92%8C8081%E7%AB%AF%E5%8F%A3%E4%B8%AD">http://192.168.111.130/edu/a.html，实现负载均衡，平均到8080和8081端口中</a></strong></p>
<ul>
<li>前期准备<ul>
<li>配置两个tomcat，一个8080端口一个8081端口，别忘了放行端口</li>
<li>分别在<code>/webapps</code>目录下创建<code>edu</code>，并且写一个<code>a.html</code>页面用于验证(我这里分别用虚拟机和阿里云跑两个tomcat)</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>修改配置文件</li>
</ul>
<h4 id="nginx分配服务器策略"><a href="#nginx分配服务器策略" class="headerlink" title="nginx分配服务器策略"></a>nginx分配服务器策略</h4><ul>
<li><p>轮询(默认)</p>
<blockquote>
<p>每个请求按时间顺序逐一分配到不同的后端服务器，如果后端服务器down掉，能自动剔除。</p>
</blockquote>
<p>  <img src="https://s1.ax1x.com/2020/06/25/NDSLNQ.png" alt="NDSLNQ.png"></p>
</li>
<li><p>权重weight</p>
<blockquote>
<p>weight代表权重默认为1,权重越高被分配的客户端越多</p>
</blockquote>
<p>  <img src="https://s1.ax1x.com/2020/06/25/NDSIjP.png" alt="weight"></p>
</li>
<li><p>ip_hash</p>
<blockquote>
<p>每个请求按访问ip的hash结果分配，这样每个访客固定访问一个后端服务器,<font color = red>这种方式可以解决session相关的问题</font></p>
</blockquote>
<p>  <img src="https://s1.ax1x.com/2020/06/25/NDp14H.png" alt="NDp14H.png"></p>
</li>
<li><p>fair</p>
<blockquote>
<p>根据浏览器对所有服务器的相应时间来分配，优先最短的</p>
</blockquote>
<p>  <img src="https://s1.ax1x.com/2020/06/25/NDpLqK.png" alt="NDpLqK.png"></p>
<h4 id="负载均衡的参数"><a href="#负载均衡的参数" class="headerlink" title="负载均衡的参数"></a>负载均衡的参数</h4></li>
<li><p><code>upstream</code>每个设备的状态</p>
</li>
<li><p><code>down</code> 表示单前的 server 暂时不参与负载</p>
</li>
<li><p><code>weight</code> 默认为 1.weight 越大，负载的权重就越大</p>
</li>
<li><p><code>fail_timeout</code> 次失败后，暂停的时间 默认 10s</p>
</li>
<li><p><code>max_fails</code> 允许请求失败的次数默认为 1.当超过最大次数时，返回</p>
</li>
<li><p><code>backup</code> 其它所有的非 backup 机器 down 或者忙的时候，请求 backup 机器。所以这台机器压力会最轻。</p>
</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="动静分离-1"><a href="#动静分离-1" class="headerlink" title="动静分离"></a>动静分离</h3><blockquote>
<p>nginx把动态请求和静态请求分离，tomcat处理动态请求。<strong>一种是把存粹的静态资源放在一个独立的服务器，这是主流的方案，即前后端分离。另一种是动态和静态文件混合在一起发布，通过nginx分开，如jsp项目</strong></p>
</blockquote>
<p><img src="https://s1.ax1x.com/2020/06/25/NDC439.png" alt="动静分离原理图"></p>
<p>实现操作跟上面的差不多，就不列举了。</p>
<h3 id="高可用"><a href="#高可用" class="headerlink" title="高可用"></a>高可用</h3><h4 id="图文介绍"><a href="#图文介绍" class="headerlink" title="图文介绍"></a>图文介绍</h4><p><img src="https://s1.ax1x.com/2020/06/25/NDF11J.png" alt="NDF11J.png"></p>
<p>解决：<br><img src="https://s1.ax1x.com/2020/06/25/NDklUf.png" alt="NDklUf.png"></p>
<h4 id="准备"><a href="#准备" class="headerlink" title="准备"></a>准备</h4><ul>
<li>两台nginx服务器<br>  <strong>两台都需要有tomcat，nginx，keepalived</strong></li>
<li>keepalived  <pre class="line-numbers language-shell" data-language="shell"><code class="language-shell">yum install keepalived -y

# 启动keepalived
systemctl start keepalived.service<span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span></span></code></pre></li>
<li>虚拟ip</li>
</ul>
<h4 id="配置"><a href="#配置" class="headerlink" title="配置"></a>配置</h4><ul>
<li>修改/etc/keepalived/keepalivec.conf 配置文件  <pre class="line-numbers language-shell" data-language="shell"><code class="language-shell">! Configuration File for keepalived
global_defs &#123;
notification_email &#123;
    acassen@firewall.loc
    failover@firewall.loc
    sysadmin@firewall.loc
&#125;
notification_email_from Alexandre.Cassen@firewall.loc
smtp_server 192.168.200.1
smtp_connect_timeout 30
router_id LVS_DEVEL     # 绑定hosts里的127.0.0.1
vrrp_skip_check_adv_addr
vrrp_strict
vrrp_garp_interval 0
vrrp_gna_interval 0
&#125;
#脚本
vrrp_script chk_http_port &#123;
script &quot;&#x2F;usr&#x2F;local&#x2F;src&#x2F;nginx_check.sh&quot;
interval 2 #（检测脚本执行的间隔）
weight 2
&#125;
#
vrrp_instance VI_1 &#123;
    state MASTER  #主服务器MASTER，备用服务器BACKUP
    interface ens32 # 需要与你的网卡类型相同
    virtual_router_id 51 #主备机都要相同
    priority 100 # 权重主备机一般分别是100 90
    advert_int 1
    authentication &#123; 
        auth_type PASS  # 认证策略密码
        auth_pass 1111
    &#125;
    virtual_ipaddress &#123;  # 虚拟ip绑定，可以是多个
        192.168.200.16
        192.168.200.17
        192.168.200.18
    &#125;
&#125;
virtual_server 192.168.200.100 443 &#123;
    delay_loop 6
    lb_algo rr
    lb_kind NAT
    persistence_timeout 50
    protocol TCP
    real_server 192.168.201.100 443 &#123;
        weight 1
        SSL_GET &#123;
            url &#123;
            path &#x2F;
            digest ff20ad2481f97b1754ef3e12ecd3a9cc
            &#125;
            url &#123;
            path &#x2F;mrtg&#x2F;
            digest 9b3a0c85a887a256d6939da88aabd8cd
            &#125;
            connect_timeout 3
            nb_get_retry 3
            delay_before_retry 3
        &#125;
    &#125;
&#125;
virtual_server 10.10.10.2 1358 &#123;
    delay_loop 6
    lb_algo rr 
    lb_kind NAT
    persistence_timeout 50
    protocol TCP
    sorry_server 192.168.200.200 1358
    real_server 192.168.200.2 1358 &#123;
        weight 1
        HTTP_GET &#123;
            url &#123; 
            path &#x2F;testurl&#x2F;test.jsp
            digest 640205b7b0fc66c1ea91c463fac6334d
            &#125;
            url &#123; 
            path &#x2F;testurl2&#x2F;test.jsp
            digest 640205b7b0fc66c1ea91c463fac6334d
            &#125;
            url &#123; 
            path &#x2F;testurl3&#x2F;test.jsp
            digest 640205b7b0fc66c1ea91c463fac6334d
            &#125;
            connect_timeout 3
            nb_get_retry 3
            delay_before_retry 3
        &#125;
    &#125;

    real_server 192.168.200.3 1358 &#123;
        weight 1
        HTTP_GET &#123;
            url &#123; 
            path &#x2F;testurl&#x2F;test.jsp
            digest 640205b7b0fc66c1ea91c463fac6334c
            &#125;
            url &#123; 
            path &#x2F;testurl2&#x2F;test.jsp
            digest 640205b7b0fc66c1ea91c463fac6334c
            &#125;
            connect_timeout 3
            nb_get_retry 3
            delay_before_retry 3
        &#125;
    &#125;
&#125;

virtual_server 10.10.10.3 1358 &#123;
    delay_loop 3
    lb_algo rr 
    lb_kind NAT
    persistence_timeout 50
    protocol TCP

    real_server 192.168.200.4 1358 &#123;
        weight 1
        HTTP_GET &#123;
            url &#123; 
            path &#x2F;testurl&#x2F;test.jsp
            digest 640205b7b0fc66c1ea91c463fac6334d
            &#125;
            url &#123; 
            path &#x2F;testurl2&#x2F;test.jsp
            digest 640205b7b0fc66c1ea91c463fac6334d
            &#125;
            url &#123; 
            path &#x2F;testurl3&#x2F;test.jsp
            digest 640205b7b0fc66c1ea91c463fac6334d
            &#125;
            connect_timeout 3
            nb_get_retry 3
            delay_before_retry 3
        &#125;
    &#125;

    real_server 192.168.200.5 1358 &#123;
        weight 1
        HTTP_GET &#123;
            url &#123; 
            path &#x2F;testurl&#x2F;test.jsp
            digest 640205b7b0fc66c1ea91c463fac6334d
            &#125;
            url &#123; 
            path &#x2F;testurl2&#x2F;test.jsp
            digest 640205b7b0fc66c1ea91c463fac6334d
            &#125;
            url &#123; 
            path &#x2F;testurl3&#x2F;test.jsp
            digest 640205b7b0fc66c1ea91c463fac6334d
            &#125;
            connect_timeout 3
            nb_get_retry 3
            delay_before_retry 3
        &#125;
    &#125;
&#125;<span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span></span></code></pre></li>
<li>在<code>/usr/local/src/</code>下添加对应的脚本  <pre class="line-numbers language-shell" data-language="shell"><code class="language-shell">#!&#x2F;bin&#x2F;bash
A&#x3D;&#96;ps -C nginx –no-header |wc -l&#96;
if [ $A -eq 0 ];then
    &#x2F;usr&#x2F;local&#x2F;nginx&#x2F;sbin&#x2F;nginx  #监视的路径，就是nginx的启动
    sleep 2
    if [ &#96;ps -C nginx --no-header |wc -l&#96; -eq 0 ];then
        killall keepalived
    fi
fi<span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span></span></code></pre>
<h4 id="启动"><a href="#启动" class="headerlink" title="启动"></a>启动</h4></li>
</ul>

                
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